Okay…it has been a while since I posted one of these, but I figured I’d drop a couple things I think are worthy of reading.

1.  Optimal Rest Intervals for Strength and Hypertrophy

 So you’ve probably been told that long rest intervals during training are important for strength and shorter rest intervals are for hypertrophy.  Well, I just found this site this week and Bryan Chung (who writes the blog) takes a solid look at a study that is examining these very things.  He’s not a coach or trainer, but he is a medical science researcher and sits on the board for the Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine so he knows his stuff.  Check out the excellent research review HERE.

2.  Movement

As my readers probably know, I can be a little bit of a doubting Thomas when it comes to training and nutrition related information.  At the same time, I can appreciate when someone has contribued a lot of great stuff to this industry and I’m interested to see what Gray Cook will present in his new book Movement.  Recently Laree Draper posted the following three posts by Gray Cook on her blog and I think they made for some great reading.  Check out parts 1, 2, and 3.

3.  Webinar Notice

My friend (and PhD Candidate) Mike T Nelson has just posted a sale on three webinars this week and time is ticking as this is a limited time offer.  Although I have yet to review them, I’m excited to hear what Mike is going to say so I thought I’d share this with my readers as well.  Apparently there is a sport supplement review, a discussion on metabolic flexibility, and another on the neurology of movement.  If you’re interested you can check out his site HERE.   (Note this is not an affiliate link)

That’s it for me.  What are you reading?

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Anyone who reads this blog regularly knows that I’m a big fan of assessments prior to training and repeat assessments along the way to ensure results are coming as desired.  Recently though, it seems that the Functional Movement Screen which was created by Lee Burton and Gray Cook has become extremely popular among my colleagues in the fitness industry.

If you’re not familiar with the Functional Movement Screen, here’s a little excerpt from their website describing the system:

“Put simply, the FMS is a ranking and grading system that documents movement patterns that are key to normal function. By screening these patterns, the FMS readily identifies functional limitations and asymmetries. These are issues that can reduce the effects of functional training and physical conditioning and distort body awareness.

The FMS generates the Functional Movement Screen Score, which is used to target problems and track progress. This scoring system is directly linked to the most beneficial corrective exercises to restore mechanically sound movement patterns.

Exercise professionals monitor the FMS score to track progress and to identify those exercises that will be most effective to restore proper movement and build strength in each individual.”

In short, you do 7 movements, get scored, and based on the outcome your potiential issues are identified and your training program can be designed.

 
Being the skeptic I am, I had to consult the research to determine what has and hasn’t been studied about the FMS.  And while I do believe that not everything worth doing is necessarily validated by science (yet), I’m also cautious when I see a pendulum swinging in one direction and when a great number of people are on board. It seems to me that the FMS has been accepted with little discussion as to whether it is valid or not. The more people that jump on board, the less people are apt to question it (especially when those people are big names).

So I’m not saying the FMS isn’t valid or useful or trying to discredit Lee, Gray, or anyone else who uses the system.  The next few posts are simply meant to be an examination of the existing body of scientific study on the FMS.  More to the point, I’ll be reviewing only the peer reviewed studies that have appeared in journals and not the unpublished stuff that is available on the internet (including at least one doctoral dissertation and a couple conference poster presentations).

Without further ado, let’s get to the first study.

Interrater Reliability of the Functional Movement Screen

Minik KI, et al.  J Strength Cond Res. 2010. 24(2): 479-486

While this isn’t actually the first published study on the movement screen, I thought it was important to present this first as it is indicative of the reliability of the scoring.  In a setting where different individuals would be scoring the FMS, you would need for them to be scoring the same way or the tool would be a lot less useful.

Background

To reduce injury risk, sports medicine professionals have begun to focus on improving movement patterns as opposed to focusing on rehabilitation of a specific joint.  The Functional Movement Screen has been put forth as a potential screening tool for these movement patterns.  The goal of this study is to establish interrater reliability of the FMS by comparing expert raters (who took part in the development of the FMS) with novice raters (who have completed the standardized FMS training program).

Methods

Forty students were filmed performing each of the 7 movements in the Functional Movement Screen.  Each of the subjects’ videos were then viewed by two expert and two novice raters and each of the 7 movements was independently scored as a 0, 1, 2, or 3 using the FMS criteria.  The scores were then compared using the weighted Kappa statistic.

Results

The pair of novice raters demonstrated excellent agreement on 6 of the 17 test components, including the deep squat and shoulder mobility tests, and portions of the trunk stability push-up and ASLR tests. Substantial agreement was evident on 8 of the 17 test components. The right and left components of the lunge and the final component of the rotary stability test each demonstrated moderate agreement.

The pair of expert raters varied more in scoring, with excellent agreement on 4 of the 17 test components, including the shoulder mobility test and the final component of the ASLR. Substantial agreement was seen in 9 of the 17 test components. Two components of the lunge and 2 components of the rotary stability tests demonstrated moderate agreement.

When comparing the average scores of the paired novice and expert raters, 14 of the 17 tests demonstrated excellent agreement. Substantial agreement was evident in 1 component of the rotary stability test and 2 components of the in-line lunge.

Funding

University of Evansville Honor’s Program grant and the University of Evansville’s College of Education and Health Science.

My Thoughts

The kappa statistic is actually a good choice in this case because it is fairly conservative and takes into account possible agreement of the raters due to chance.  They also used a weighted kappa which allowed them to rate larger disagreements between the raters less favorably.   However, it should be noted that the categories listed as excellent, substantial, and moderate are pretty aribitrary and are based pretty much on the personal opinions of some other researchers.  Other arbitrary guidelines exist that rate kappa values differently.   I’m not sure how much this really matters in this case, but it is important to note that these ratings aren’t universally accepted.

The most surprising thing to me was that the novice raters tended to have more agreement with each other than the expert raters.  You’d expect that over time your ratings would become more similar than different.  But why did the novice and expert rater’s results tend to agree with each other when they compared them?  My guess is that some of the differences disappeared when they averaged the two novice and two advanced raters before comparing them to each other which could possibly have masked some of the variability.

The authors did suggest that since the tests were only filmed from two angles there was a third dimension missing and this could have influenced the degree of agreement between raters.  Having evaluated people in person, I can definitely see how this could have an impact.  In person you can move around and get a better view of each movement.  Perhaps one reason the expert raters had more disagreement is because they’re more used to looking at movements in three dimensions that novice raters who are less likely to be able to make as much use of this additional information.

All in all, I think the study was fairly well conducted and the results indicate that the scoring of the FMS is relatively reliable.  It did highlight that perhaps work needs to be done to ensure expert raters are scoring similarly.  Another important point to take home is that both sets of raters tended to struggle with agreement on the lunge and rotary stability tests so if you’re using the FMS you might want to pay extra attention when scoring these movements.

I personally would have liked to have seen the same raters score the same subject numerous times to see if the same rater would come up with the same scores each time.  In personal training settings I believe this scenario would be more likely.  Perhaps this could be a route for future investigation.

One final thing I want to mention is that two of the people conducting the study have a personal stake in the outcome since they are involved with the FMS.  This is not to suggest that they would deliberately alter the outcome, but the possibility is always something to be congizant of.  Testing by independent researchers always carries more weight (at least in my mind).

What are your thoughts?

A few weeks ago the following two videos showed up on an interesting guest blog by Perry Nickelston on my friend Carson Boddicker’s site HERE.

I don’t think you’ll get much argument that the “inner core” is made up primarily of the TVA, multifidi, pelvic floor, and diaphragm.  I would also agree that if the inner core is not working reflexively that you’ll develop a high threshold strategy to stabilize the core resulting in inefficient movement and even pain.  This is why strengthening the TVA and multifidi doesn’t work for eliminating back pain.  It is because reflexive timing and not strength is the issue.

However, what I’m not sure I get is how this test measures the function of the inner core.  Granted, it is certainly a lot harder than I expected (try it if you don’t believe me), and the rolling patterns left my intercostals in pain for a couple days.  But I think that stating that this test can measure the function of the inner core and that it can be corrected by repeating the various rolling patterns might be a little heavy on the speculation.  I’m not sure that there is any EMG to suggest that this might be the case.  You’ll definitely learn a new movement pattern, but whether it is related to inner core function is something I’m not totally sure about. 

Since the chop and lift patterns are often suggested in relation to these exercises, I’d be inclined to think they have something to do with rotation/anti-rotation patterns.  I’m interested to hear what you all think.

Give the test and drills a try and let me know your thoughts.

Hey Mike!  Thanks for taking the time to drop some knowledge bombs on us today.  Obviously I’m already sold on your new product Assess and Correct, but why don’t you give the readers a little rundown on what exactly it is so we know just what we’re talking about here?

Thanks for having me, Mark!

I think Assess and Correct is a powerful tool, as it allows each client to go through over 25 assessments to determine what exactly their specific movement limitations are.

Beyond just telling you what’s tight, weak, stiff, etc., we build off that knowledge with specific corrective exercises to help address those issues!  So if your glutes test weak, we have developed specific exercises to help correct those issues.

And finally, we know and understand that everyone who purchases this product has different levels of dysfunction, so we’ve created progressions to work through instead of just pre-canning one or two exercises.  Quite simply, everyone from the weekend warrior to the elite-level athlete will be able to assess themselves and create a warm-up routine that addresses their specific needs, with an exercise routine that’s specific to their current level of fitness.

It seems that a growing segment of the fitness industry is already using The Functional Movement Screen.  What do you think is the major difference between this and Assess & Correct?

Damn Mark, are you trying to get me in trouble with Gray and Lee?  The last thing I need is a pipe-bomb sitting in my mailbox when I get home someday!

In all seriousness, I have great respect for what Lee and Gray have done with the FMS.  Quite simply, they’ve brought assessment to the forefront of the industry, and you have to applaud them for that.

I think with A&C, our goal has been to not only make the assessment more comprehensive, but more convenient as well.  The beauty of the FMS is its simplicity – seven tests and you’re done. However, you need to find someone with knowledge of the FMS to assess and score you.  

With A&C, there’s a little bit more work involved up front – you have to take static pictures of yourself, along with videotaping yourself perform the various assessments.  However, you can do everything yourself!  Without ever leaving your home, you can determine your specific movement limitations from head-to-toe, along with how to address them.
 

Obviously you don’t want to spend all day assessing people.  Do you think that anyone currently using the movement screen should switch to A&C?  If not, how could they combine the two resources to get the best possible assessment and treatment protocol for themselves or their clients?
 

I think it’s going to be hard to convert people over – many people like the FMS due to its ease of use, along with the fact that you can screen people fairly quickly.

Again, with A&C the biggest difference is it’s going to take more time, but it’s also more comprehensive.  Whether it’s with A&C or a new client at IFAST, I would always like to err on the side of more information, using a more comprehensive testing system, than not.

Could you combine the two products?  Sure.  However, I think on some levels that may be redundant, as we’re looking for a lot of the same issues. 

What do you know about Z-Health and what do you think about their mobility drills vs those in A&C?

I have the utmost respect for Dr. Cobb and his system.  The biggest issue with Z isn’t the system or the drills, but rather the “in-your-face” nature of some of their practitioners.

Even though I think A&C is a fantastic product, I never want to box myself into thinking there’s only one way to do things.  I’m only R-Phase certified in Z, so I can’t speak for the entire system, but I really liken some of the R-Phase drills to micro-mobility.  The goal is to really isolate out each individual joint to promote better movement.  I can definitely see value in this, and I think there’s as much value in the improvements you’d see in motor control/body awareness as there is in the improved mobility.

To summarize, I think A&C would be superior to the end-user in the fact that you have a specific idea of your limitations and what you need to address when it’s all said and done.  Unless you meet with a Z-Health trainer for an assessment, you can’t do this with the current DVD’s and manuals they have available.

I’ve recently heard a lot of people suggesting that the fitness industry has become too much about mobility and activation these days and too little about just getting strong and sexy.  Are we spending too much time on “corrective movements”?  And how do you think mobility work and activation fit into the bigger picture?

I think it all depends on who you’re reading and listening to!

I’ve heard both sides argued lately – some say we’re too caught up in “fixing” things, and others who say we still aren’t good enough at it yet.

I think many of the corrective naysayers are minimalists at heart, and I can understand that to a degree.  However, when you start digging into the research, there’s actual evidence that often it’s not just the strength of a muscle that’s important, but your neuromuscular/motor control.  In other words, who cares if it’s strong if you can’t use it!

This is where that whole mindset goes – I don’t care if you want to lose fat, add muscle, get strong or perform at a high-level.  I want to help you get there, but I also see the big picture.  If I assess you up front and notice specific movement limitations, why would I not address them?

Why would I assume that I can train around them, or somehow magically make them disappear?

This is the “corrective” mindset – to assess limitations and correct them via training.  This could include foam rolling, mobility work, or even the dreaded activation work.  The part you have to focus on, however, is that this is just part of the programming – not all of it.  It’s all pieces to the puzzle.

At the risk of sounding arrogant, Bill and I get some really beat up people at our gym.  Same thing goes for Eric.  I think between the three of us, we have a pretty good idea of what works and what doesn’t.  If foam rolling, mobility, or activation drills didn’t work, we wouldn’t use them.  Period.
 

And finally, a little word association:
 

Squats – Fantastic, when performed and programmed appropriately.  And we use all types: Plate, front, back, safety bar, to a box, free squat, pause squats, full ROM, limited ROM, etc. 
 

Beer – My favorite calorie-laden beverage.  Ever since my Australia trip I’ve been hooked on Heineken, but only because I can’t get my hands on Victoria’s Bitter (VB’s) around here!
 

Crunches – A horrible exercise that not only wrecks backs, but wrecks posture as well.  If your goal is neutral spine and a healthy back, crunches shouldn’t be in your vocabulary, let alone your program.
 

Fat Loss – The “new” hot topic.  Fat loss is always going to be at the fore-front of the fitness industry, but I’m fed-up with fitness marketing.  Fat loss promotions tend to be the worst.
 

Twitter – Not sure on this one.  I can see where some people would really enjoy it, but I guess I’m not that interested in talking about myself all day.  Plus, I’m more of a Facebook whore than a Twitter whore.  What can I say, I’m old-school!
 

That Mark Young clown – A great up-and-coming coach, with a balanced view on training.  I love the fact that you’re willing to read and/or listen to anything, even if it’s out of your comfort zone.  That’s what will make you successful.
 

Thanks Mike for the interview.  Where can people learn more about you or pick up a copy of Assess & Correct?
 

Thanks for having me Mark!  Sorry if I tend to ramble a bit, but your questions got me fired up!

My blog, newsletter, articles and Podcast can all be found at RobertsonTrainingSystems.com.  If you’re interested in picking up a copy of Assess and Correct, check out the Assess and Correct Website.  There you’ll find testimonials from other coaches, more info about the product, as well as video clips directly from the video so you can see how things work.

Recently I received an email asking me if there was a difinitive test for core stability.  The very real truth is that I think there is no single test, but a combination of tests should reveal a lot about what we want to know.

Personally, I’ve been heavily influenced by Stuart McGill and Shirley Sahrmann.   I’ve also taken some great ideas from bright guys like Mike Robertson,  Bill Hartman, and Gray Cook to formulate some of my core testing tools.

To start let’s just address the fundamentals.  Strength is the ability to produce force and stability is the ability to control it.  So doing crunches on a stability ball with a hundred pound dumbbell on your chest might make you strong (although I think it makes you look ridiculous), it isn’t going to improve your core stability.  To be stable you must be able to RESIST the applied force without movement.

Going hand in hand with this notion is the idea that is currently being promoted by many educated coaches and trainers that repeated spinal flexion is a bad idea because it increases the risk of spinal disc injury.  In other words, crunches suck!

Finally, lets remember that the core doesn’t just include the rectus abdominus or the anterior core muscles.  It essentially forms a belt around us and includes more muscles than I’d like to count at this very moment.  Knowing this, it is essential to investigate the muscles all around the core to determine stability.  More importantly, we are not going to test the strength of these muscles, but the ability of them to support the core under load.  In the case of the lower back, endurance is actually far more important than strength for injury prevention.

Here is a quick little protocol that I like to use as a starting point:

1. Front Plank

While doing this movement I like to place a dowel on the person’s back and have them maintain 3 points of contact.  The dowel should remain in contact with the glutes, upper back, and head.  If one of those points is lost then the timer stops.  (Note: I swiped this tip from Mike Robertson)

You should be able to hold this position for 2 minutes.

2. Side Plank – Should be able to hold for 90 seconds

This is as easy as it sounds.  The body should be held straight in a full side plank position for 90 seconds per side.  Note any assymetry between the sides as this is a strong predictor on injury risk.  Work on bringing the weaker side up to match the stronger side before trying to increase the overall time.

You should be able to hold this position for 90 seconds.

3. Back Extension Hold

Set up at though you’re going to do a back extension and hold yourself in the extended position.  As with the front plank, use the dowel along the spine to ensure proper alignment by maintaing 3 points of contact.

You should be able to hold this position for 2 minutes.

4. Double Leg Lower

To perform this test you want to lie on your back and raise both legs straight up into the air.  From here, I’d suggest placing your hands on your external obliques or crossed over your chest.  They cannot be on the floor.  Now slowly begin to lower your legs while concentrating on keeping your lower back flat on the floor.  (Note: a hard floor is more effective than a mat for determining success on this test)

If your feet hit the floor before your lower back raises you have passed.  If not, you suck and you should check yourself into the wimp hall of fame.  Just kidding, but your ability to control your core is probably lacking in this respect.

5.  Rotational Stability

I also like to assess rotational stability by using a test from the functional movement screen.  If you’re going to fail only one of these tests, this will probably be it.  You can check it out HERE.

Again, these only serve at starting points and there are obviously other factors affecting stability of the core, but these tests should be enough to get you rolling.

In the coming weeks I’ll be releasing an audio interview series that will detail how some of the world’s leading experts test and train the core for performance and just plain looking sexy.  Keep your eyes peeled for that.

In the meantime, drop me a note in the comments to let me know how you make out on the tests above.